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Seismic Tomography for Site Investigation in Swansea

Rigorous testing. Clear reporting.

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A surprising number of ground investigations in the Swansea area still rely solely on boreholes, missing critical lateral variations in the highly variable glacial deposits and Coal Measures that underlie the city. When a contractor encounters an uncharted buried valley filled with soft estuarine clays—common along the Tawe corridor and near SA1—the programme takes a hit that no amount of trial pitting can predict in advance. Seismic tomography maps these transitions continuously across the site, delivering a 2D or 3D velocity model that ties directly to stiffness and rippability before a single excavation begins. Our field team operates across Swansea, Gower, and the Neath Port Talbot boundary, combining P-wave refraction and S-wave reflection techniques to resolve strata from the near-surface made ground down to competent bedrock at depths exceeding 30 metres where required. For sites where dynamic properties govern the design, the velocity profiles feed directly into a MASW survey to constrain Vs30 for seismic site class, or complement SPT drilling when the brief demands both geophysical coverage and point-test N-values for bearing capacity verification under Eurocode 7.

A single seismic tomography line across a Swansea site replaces six to eight boreholes for bedrock profiling while reducing the risk of missing a buried channel by an order of magnitude.

Our service areas

Approach and scope

Swansea’s post-war expansion pushed development onto the narrow coastal plain between Kilvey Hill and Swansea Bay, where thick sequences of Blown Sand, peat lenses, and glacial till overlie the Pennant Sandstone bedrock. This layered geology, shaped by the last glaciation and subsequent marine transgression, makes seismic tomography the most efficient reconnaissance tool before committing to an intrusive programme. A refraction survey shot along a 115-metre spread can delineate the top-of-rock profile beneath the drift while simultaneously flagging low-velocity zones indicative of buried channels or weathered fracture sets within the sandstone. On larger regeneration plots—think Swansea Central or the waterfront enterprise zone—we deploy reflection tomography with higher-frequency geophones to pick subtle impedance contrasts within the overburden, resolving peat layers thinner than 0.5 metres that would otherwise go undetected between boreholes. The resulting P-wave velocity sections are directly convertible to rippability charts using Caterpillar D9 and D10 performance curves, giving earthworks contractors a clear picture of where blasting or heavy ripping ends and machine excavation begins. When the site is underlain by solution features in the Carboniferous limestone that outcrops at Mumbles, we pair the tomography with a resistivity imaging traverse to differentiate air-filled voids from clay-infilled cavities, a combination that has proven its worth on several hillside schemes overlooking the bay.
Seismic Tomography for Site Investigation in Swansea
Technical reference — Swansea

Site-specific factors

The South Wales coastal climate imposes a narrow window for geophysical surveys: high winter groundwater and frequent Atlantic fronts saturate the near-surface, dramatically reducing the velocity contrast between granular drift and the underlying bedrock. Under these conditions, a standard refraction interpretation can underestimate bedrock depth by 2 to 3 metres if the velocity inversion is not accounted for during tomographic inversion—a known pitfall on the boulder clay slopes running down from Townhill to the city centre. Our processing workflow applies damped least-squares inversion with a starting model informed by local borehole logs, which stabilises the solution even when the first-break picks are noisy due to cultural interference from the M4 corridor or the railway line east of High Street station. The refraction method also struggles to image a low-velocity layer sandwiched between higher-velocity units; in Swansea this scenario appears where soft alluvial silts underlie a desiccated crust or engineered fill. Where the brief calls for resolving such hidden soft zones, we recommend a supplementary reflection survey or a targeted CPT sounding at the anomaly location to obtain a continuous tip resistance profile and confirm the seismic interpretation before foundation loads are finalised.

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Relevant standards


BS 5930:2015+A1:2020 – Code of practice for ground investigations, BS EN 1997-2:2007 – Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design – Ground investigation and testing, ASTM D5777-18 – Standard Guide for Using the Seismic Refraction Method, BS 1377-1:2016 – Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes, AASHTO R 13-18 – Standard Practice for Conducting Geotechnical Subsurface Investigations

Technical parameters

ParameterTypical value
Survey methodP-wave refraction; S-wave reflection; hybrid refraction/reflection
Typical spread length69 m to 230 m (24 to 72 geophones at 3 m spacing)
Depth of investigation15 m to 35 m below ground level (refraction); up to 50 m (reflection)
SourceAccelerated weight drop or 8 kg sledgehammer on aluminium plate
Geophone frequency4.5 Hz (refraction) to 28 Hz (reflection)
Velocity range resolved250 m/s (soft clay) to >4,500 m/s (fresh sandstone)
Tomographic inversionRaytracing with curved-ray algorithms; RMS error < 5%
Reporting standardBS 5930:2015+A1:2020; BS EN 1997-2:2007

Q&A

What depth of investigation can seismic refraction achieve on a Swansea site?

With a 115-metre geophone spread and an accelerated weight drop source, we typically achieve reliable bedrock returns to 25–30 metres depth in the Swansea area. On open ground with low ambient noise, a 230-metre spread can push investigation depth to 40 metres. The limiting factors are the velocity contrast between the overburden and bedrock, and the presence of the water table, which sits within 1–3 metres of ground level across much of the coastal plain.

How does seismic tomography compare with boreholes for ground investigation?

Seismic tomography provides continuous lateral coverage between control points, whereas boreholes give vertical detail at discrete locations. The two methods are complementary: tomography identifies anomalies—buried channels, fault zones, variable rockhead—that can be targeted with subsequent boreholes or CPTs. A combined approach reduces the total number of intrusive points needed while improving the confidence of the ground model, particularly on sites with complex glacial stratigraphy.

Can you survey within the urban area of Swansea with traffic and utilities present?

Yes, but the survey design must account for cultural noise. We schedule urban surveys during quieter periods—Sundays or early mornings—and use a stacked source (multiple impacts summed at each shot point) to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Spreads are laid along pavements, car parks, or closed lanes with traffic management in place. Buried utilities do not impede the seismic method, though we cross-reference service plans to avoid placing geophones directly over high-voltage cables where inductive interference could degrade the record.

What does a seismic tomography survey cost for a typical Swansea site?

For a single refraction line of 115 metres with 48 geophones and full tomographic processing, the cost ranges from £2,360 to £3,760 depending on access conditions, the number of shot points, and whether reflection or MASW acquisition is added to the brief. Mobilisation within the Swansea urban area is straightforward, but surveys on the Gower or upslope sites with limited vehicle access may incur additional time for hand-carried equipment deployment.

Location and service area

We serve projects across Swansea and its metropolitan area.

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