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Grain Size Analysis (Sieve + Hydrometer) for Swansea Ground Conditions

Rigorous testing. Clear reporting.

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Swansea's geology shifts dramatically within a few miles. Move from the sandstone bedrock and glacial till of the Kilvey Hill area down toward the estuarine clays and silts of the SA1 docklands, and the particle-size distribution tells a completely different story. A clean sand from a borehole near Mumbles Road behaves nothing like the laminated silt we process from a site on the River Tawe floodplain. In our laboratory, the grain size analysis (sieve + hydrometer) is the first quantitative look at that story, separating coarse fractions through a stack of BS sieves and then settling the fines in a hydrometer column. We run this combined method whenever a project needs a full grading curve for engineering classification under BS 5930, or when a contractor has to prove their imported fill meets a tight specification. Triaxial testing later depends on knowing whether the fines content pushes the soil toward contractive or dilative behaviour, and an Atterberg limits determination only makes sense once the clay fraction is quantified.

A full PSD curve from sieve and hydrometer often reveals a silt tail that reclassifies a 'sand' into a silt, changing the drainage design completely.

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Approach and scope

One thing we see repeatedly in Swansea: glacial deposits that look like a well-graded granular material in the field turn out to have a silt tail that completely changes the permeability estimate. The sieve stack catches everything from gravel down to medium sand, but the pan fraction is where the real character hides, and the hydrometer gives us the silt-clay split. We wash the sample through a 63-micron sieve per BS 1377-2, oven-dry the retained portion for dry sieving, and run the hydrometer on the fines using sodium hexametaphosphate as a dispersant. The resulting plot of percent passing against particle diameter shows whether the soil is gap-graded, uniformly graded, or well-graded, and the D10, D30, and D60 values feed directly into the coefficient of uniformity and coefficient of curvature. In-situ permeability tests often correlate with the D10 from this curve in granular Swansea soils, and we frequently pair grain size data with Proctor tests when a contractor asks whether an on-site material can be re-used as engineered fill.
Grain Size Analysis (Sieve + Hydrometer) for Swansea Ground Conditions
Technical reference — Swansea

Site-specific factors

Swansea's post-war expansion pushed development onto the flat ground along the Tawe corridor and the coastal belt, much of it underlain by soft alluvium and made ground. Old dock basins were backfilled with whatever was available at the time, boiler ash, colliery spoil, demolition rubble, and the resulting particle-size distribution is erratic. A grain size analysis on these materials is essential because a single oversized cobble in a fill layer can mask a matrix of silt that will settle or wash out once water moves through it. We have processed samples from the Hafod and Landore areas where the coarse fraction suggested a competent fill, but the hydrometer revealed 25 percent clay content, enough to cause long-term settlement under a shallow footing. The combined sieve and hydrometer test gives the design engineer a defensible basis for drainage design, frost susceptibility assessment, and filter compatibility, all of which matter in a city that gets over 1,100 mm of rainfall annually and sits on a tidally influenced water table.

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Relevant standards


BS 1377-2:2022, BS 5930:2015+A1:2020, Eurocode 7 (BS EN 1997-2:2007)

Technical parameters

ParameterTypical value
Sieving methodBS 1377-2:2022 dry sieving, 75 mm to 63 micron
Hydrometer methodBS 1377-2:2022 sedimentation, 63 micron to 2 micron
DispersantSodium hexametaphosphate, 4% solution
Key outputsD10, D30, D50, D60, Cu, Cc, % gravel/sand/silt/clay
Sample mass required500 g for fine soils, up to 5 kg for granular
AccreditationUKAS-accredited to ISO/IEC 17025
ReportingSemi-log PSD plot + classification to BS 5930:2015+A1:2020

Q&A

How much does a grain size analysis (sieve and hydrometer) cost in Swansea?

A combined sieve and hydrometer test typically falls between £70 and £160 per sample, depending on whether you need the full PSD curve with hydrometer or just a coarse sieve stack. Samples with high organic content or requiring pre-treatment may sit at the upper end of that range. We quote firmly once we know the number of samples and the reporting standard required.

How long does the hydrometer portion add to the turnaround time?

The hydrometer sedimentation stage adds roughly 24 to 48 hours to the testing schedule because readings are taken at timed intervals over a full day or more. The dry sieving can be completed the same day the sample is oven-dried, but the combined test is typically reported within three to four working days from sample receipt.

What sample mass do you need for a combined sieve and hydrometer test?

For fine-grained soils such as the alluvial silts found across Swansea, we need about 500 grams of representative material. For granular soils with gravel content, we ask for up to 5 kilograms to ensure the coarse fraction is statistically valid. We can advise on sampling procedures if the material is being taken from trial pits or boreholes.

Can you test samples with organic content from Swansea's estuarine areas?

Yes, we routinely test organic silts and peaty clays from the Tawe estuary and Crymlyn Bog area. These samples usually require pre-treatment with hydrogen peroxide to remove organic matter before the hydrometer run, otherwise the organic fraction skews the sedimentation readings. We flag the pre-treatment on the report so the designer knows the grading curve reflects mineral soil only.

Location and service area

We serve projects across Swansea and its metropolitan area.

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