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SWANSEA
HomeIn-SituField permeability test (Lefranc/Lugeon)

Field Permeability Testing (Lefranc & Lugeon) in Swansea

Rigorous testing. Clear reporting.

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A water-filled pressure cylinder, a packer assembly sealing off a borehole section, and a graduated flow meter ticking over as water infiltrates the formation—that is the core of the equipment you will see on a Swansea site when we run a packer test. Whether it is a Lefranc test in the sandy lenses of the Swansea valley or a Lugeon test in the Pennant sandstone, the kit travels in a compact van and is rigged directly over the drill casing. In our experience across the city, from the marina redevelopments to the hillside plots of Sketty, the data from these tests often reshapes the drainage design because the permeability values measured in the borehole rarely match the textbook estimates for the local glacial till. We also push for a combined approach where the in-situ permeability data is cross-checked with grain-size distributions from the same borehole, avoiding the common trap of relying solely on one method in such a heterogeneous geology.

A Lugeon value below 3 often indicates grout-tight rock, yet in the fractured Pennant sandstone around Swansea we have measured values above 15 where open joints connect to the water table.

Our service areas

Approach and scope

The maritime climate of Swansea, with its high annual rainfall and persistent dampness, means that groundwater is rarely far from the ground surface—particularly in the alluvial corridors along the River Tawe and near the docks. This constant moisture affects how we set up a constant-head test because the static water level is often quite shallow, which simplifies saturation but demands careful packer sealing to avoid short-circuiting along the borehole wall. What we find most striking is the contrast between the low-permeability boulder clays on the slopes of Townhill and the more open discontinuities in the Pennant Measures that outcrop toward Mumbles. A standard falling-head test in the till might yield hydraulic conductivities in the range of 10⁻⁷ m/s, while a Lugeon test a few kilometres south can jump two orders of magnitude if the sandstone jointing is favourable. For deep foundation schemes we typically recommend linking the permeability profile with footings analysis, because the drainage characteristics of the soil directly control the pore pressure dissipation beneath the base of the footing and therefore the long-term settlement behaviour.
Field Permeability Testing (Lefranc & Lugeon) in Swansea
Technical reference — Swansea

Site-specific factors

The geology beneath Swansea is dominated by the South Wales Coal Measures—alternating sandstones, siltstones, and mudstones—overlain by a patchy mantle of glacial till and post-glacial alluvium. This is not a forgiving stratigraphy for water management: the mudstones and shales can act as aquitards, trapping water in the sandstone layers and creating locally artesian conditions in the lower parts of the city. One of the more serious risks we encounter is misinterpreting a low-permeability measurement from a short test interval that happens to be in a tight siltstone band, while a more fractured sandstone just two metres below would have given a much higher value. That kind of oversight can lead to under-designed dewatering systems and flooded excavations. In sloping ground near Kilvey Hill or the Clyne Valley, the hydraulic conductivity profile is also a direct input into slope-stability calculations, because pore-water pressure build-up in a permeable layer can reduce the effective stress enough to trigger a shallow failure during heavy winter rain.

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Relevant standards


BS 5930:2015+A1:2020 – Code of practice for ground investigations, BS EN ISO 22282-3:2012 – Geotechnical investigation and testing – Geohydraulic testing – Part 3: Water pressure tests in rock, Eurocode 7 (BS EN 1997-2:2007) – Ground investigation and testing, UK Specification for Ground Investigation (3rd edition, ICE)

Technical parameters

ParameterTypical value
Test methodLefranc (variable/constant head) or Lugeon (packer test)
Borehole diameterTypically 76–150 mm, depending on drilling method
Test zone length (Lugeon)3–5 m isolated between pneumatic packers
Pressure stages (Lugeon)5 stages (low–medium–high–medium–low) per BS EN ISO 22282-3
Measurement range10⁻⁸ to 10⁻⁴ m/s depending on formation and test type
Reporting standardLugeon units (Lu) and/or hydraulic conductivity k (m/s)
Typical Swansea bedrockPennant sandstone, mudstone, and occasional Coal Measures shale
Packer typeSingle or double pneumatic, inflated to 1.5× expected test pressure

Q&A

How long does a field permeability test take on a Swansea site?

A single Lefranc test in soil usually takes 45 to 60 minutes once the borehole is prepared and the water level has stabilised. A full five-stage Lugeon test in rock requires about two to three hours per test interval, including packer inflation, each pressure stage, and the final depressurisation. We normally plan for one Lugeon test per working day when multiple zones are tested in the same borehole, because the drill crew also needs time to advance the casing between intervals.

Does the high rainfall in Swansea affect the test results?

It does, and it is something we adjust for on every job. Heavy or prolonged rain can raise the shallow groundwater table within hours, particularly in the alluvial deposits near the Tawe. We monitor barometric pressure and rainfall during the test programme, and we always measure the static water level at the start and end of each test. If the level is changing rapidly, we may postpone the test or apply corrections to the data so that the calculated hydraulic conductivity reflects the formation rather than a transient weather effect.

What does a Lugeon or Lefranc test cost in the Swansea area?

For a single test within a wider ground investigation, the cost typically falls between £550 and £740, depending on the depth, the number of pressure stages, and whether we need to mobilise a pneumatic packer system. This range covers the test execution, data logging, and the factual report with the pressure–flow curves. If multiple tests are required across several boreholes, the unit cost per test usually decreases because the mobilisation and setup time is shared.

Which test is more suitable for a basement excavation in Swansea—Lefranc or Lugeon?

That depends entirely on the geology at the excavation depth. Most basements in Swansea are founded in the glacial till or alluvium, so a Lefranc test is the appropriate choice because it measures the soil permeability directly. If the excavation cuts into the bedrock—which can happen in the hillside developments toward Sketty or Uplands—we would recommend adding Lugeon tests in the rock portion to capture the fracture-controlled permeability. Often the final programme includes both methods in the same borehole.

Location and service area

We serve projects across Swansea and its metropolitan area.

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